The effects of remimazolam in combination with estazolam on postoperative hemodynamics and pain intensity in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery

Table 3 Hemodynamic comparison between groups

Item	Time	Study group 1(n = 46)	Study group 2 (n = 46)	Study group 3 (n = 46)	Control group(n = 46)	t	p
HR(time/min)	T0	78.32 ± 8.48	78.68 ± 8.76	78.89 ± 8.09	78.41 ± 8.21	0.052	0.959
	T1	65.83 ± 7.89	65.34 ± 7.92	67.97 ± 7.83	63.87 ± 8.47	1.148	0.254
	T2	71.98 ± 8.36	72.97 ± 10.92	76.98 ± 10.73	64.43 ± 9.03	4.161	0.001
	T3	79.27 ± 9.19	80.09 ± 9.03	73.28 ± 8.76	86.02 ± 7.98	3.761	0.001
	T4	77.97 ± 9.03	76.83 ± 8.96	75.87 ± 8.97	78.67 ± 8.36	0.386	0.701
SpO₂(%)	T0	98.87 ± 9.76	98.34 ± 8.93	99.03 ± 9.08	98.38 ± 9.36	0.246	0.806
	T1	94.37 ± 8.93	94.97 ± 8.09	96.89 ± 8.18	90.01 ± 8.76	2.364	0.020
	T2	92.98 ± 8.78	92.04 ± 9.18	96.32 ± 9.87	88.87 ± 8.93	2.226	0.029
	T3	93.86 ± 9.93	93.19 ± 9.87	96.09 ± 9.92	89.28 ± 9.54	2.256	0.027
	T4	95.98 ± 9.65	96.56 ± 9.79	98.14 ± 9.09	95.02 ± 9.89	0.472	0.638
MAP(mmHg)	T0	88.76 ± 7.94	87.47 ± 9.43	88.93 ± 8.39	87.03 ± 7.38	1.006	0.317
	T1	80.98 ± 8.76	79.57 ± 8.45	84.98 ± 8.92	76.93 ± 8.47	2.254	0.027
	T2	92.98 ± 9.65	91.98 ± 8.93	87.94 ± 9.87	99.76 ± 9.06	3.474	0.001
	T3	84.97 ± 9.76	83.76 ± 9.91	88.92 ± 9.35	96.87 ± 8.93	6.101	<0.001
	T4	91.95 ± 8.76	90.67 ± 8.35	89.48 ± 8.49	93.97 ± 8.65	1.113	0.269

Note: Heart Rate (HR), mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂); before induction of anesthesia (T0), before tracheal intubation (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), 10 min after pneumoperitoneum (T3), and immediately after extubation (T4)

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