Fig. 2

Clinical outcomes during follow-up (preoperative, postoperative 1 week, postoperative 1 month, postoperative 6 months, and postoperative 12 months). A, VAS of the back. B, VAS of the leg. C, ODI (%). All clinical parameters improved significantly over the baseline value from 1 week after surgery, which lasted until the final follow-up examination (p < .05). VAS of the back was significantly improved in Group UBE-TLIF compared to other groups at 1 week after surgery. VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index. **** P < .0001