Table 3 Pathological outcomes of the extracted specimens. CI, cold ischemia; T, tumor stage; N, nodal stage
Open PD (n = 20) | Robotic PD (n = 23) | Robotic PD with CI (n = 17) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
· perineural invasion | 15 (75.0) | 12 (52.2) | 10 (58.8) | 0.295 |
· lymphovascular invasion | 14 (70.0) | 14 (60.9) | 10 (58.8) | 0.744 |
· number of total lymph nodes | 23 (15–31) | 12 (9–26) | 17 (10–25) | 0.235 |
· metastatic lymph nodes | 2 (0–4) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.567 |
· resection margin status (R0) | 15 (75.0) | 17 (73.9) | 14 (82.4) | 0.680 |
· Tumor | ||||
NA pT1 pT2 pT3 pT4 | 2 (10.0) 3 (15.0) 8 (40.0) 5 (25.0) 2 (10.0) | 2 (8.7) 10 (43.5) 9 (39.1) 2 (8.7) 0 (0) | 3 (17.6) 5 (29.4) 6 (35.3) 2 (11.8) 1 (5.9) | 0.440 |
· pN+ | ||||
NA | 2 (10.0) | 2 (8.7) | 3 (17.6) | |
PN0 | 6 (30.0) | 11 (47.8) | 6 (35.3) | 0.258 |
pN1 | 6 (30.0) | 9 (39.1) | 4 (23.5) | |
pT2 | 6 (30.0) | 1 (4.3) | 4 (23.5) |