Table 5 Logistic regression analysis to examine risk factors for top 25% of operative time and intraoperative bleeding for each trainee’s surgeries

Age

≥65 y

0.083

0.703

Sex

male

2.0

0.011

2.2

0.008

2.1

0.006

2.0

0.012

BMI

≥25 kg/m²

2.2

0.010

2.5

0.005

2.7

<0.001

2.8

<0.001

Disease

PDAC

2.0

0.009

0.225

0.730

Preoperative biliary drainage

yes

0.290

0.196

Combined vascular resection

yes

3.8

<0.001

4.2

<0.001

0.267

Number of procedures

within 20 cases

2.3

0.013

2.6

0.019

2.2

0.026

2.0

0.049