Fig. 6

DCA in the three cohorts. The y-axis measures the net benefit. The black line represents the benefit of not treating all patients, and the gray line represents the benefit of treating all patients, the red line represents the training cohort, the blue line represents the validation cohort, and the green line represents the external cohort. DCA showed that the model’s net benefit was higher than both limit lines over a relatively large range of threshold probability in the three cohorts