Table 2 Comparison of defect incidents in surgical hand disinfection practices pre- and post-implementation of six Sigma management practices
From: Implementation of six sigma management to standardize surgical hand disinfection practices
Existing problems | Before intervention (n = 457) | After intervention (n = 479) | χ2 | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Incidence | Frequency | Incidence | |||||
Incomplete hand-washing steps | 44 | 9.63% | 11 | 2.30% | 22.73 | 1.87 × 10− 6 | ||
Insufficient hand-washing time | 70 | 15.32% | 17 | 3.55% | 38.42 | 5.71 × 10− 10 | ||
Wrong rinsing method | 59 | 12.91% | 15 | 3.13% | 30.72 | 2.99 × 10− 8 | ||
Wrong hand drying method | 89 | 19.47% | 21 | 4.38% | 51.35 | 7.71 × 10− 13 | ||
Back-and-forth smearing and disinfection | 80 | 17.51% | 34 | 7.10% | 23.68 | 1.14 × 10− 6 | ||
Incomplete coverage of disinfectant | 110 | 24.07% | 23 | 4.80% | 71.23 | 3.18 × 10− 17 | ||
Non-rubbing of disinfectant until dry | 97 | 21.23% | 33 | 6.89% | 40.19 | 2.31 × 10− 10 | ||