Table 4 Literature studies on CD
Study | Fard-Aghaie et al. [19] | Lewin et al. [20] | Wabitsch et al. [21] | Fahrner et al. [22] | Yamaguchi et al. [23] | Mabrut et al. [24] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2022 | 2021 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2013 |
Country | Germany | France | Germany | Germany | Switzerland | France |
No of patients (Male/Female) | 14 (6/8) | 66 (40/26) | 7 (3/4) | 21 (7/14) | 25 (15/10) | 155 (89/66) |
CD/CS | 12/2 | 31/35 | ND | 6/13 | 23/2 | 125/30 |
Median Age | 56,5 | 32,3 | 49 | 56 | 53,4 | 55,7 |
Comorbidities/medical history (%) | ND | Cholecystectomy (27%), sphincterotomy (18%), personal history of renal ciliopathies (18%), familial history of liver ciliopathies (9%) | Primary hypertension (28%), type II diabetes (28%), hypothyroidism (28%), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (14%), Conn syndrome due to a cortical adrenal adenoma (14%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14%), chronic gastritis (14%), arthritis (14%), DVT and pulmonary embolism (14%) Previous surgery: cholecystectomy (28%), appendectomy (14%), surgical correction of a rectal prolapse (14%), stripping of lower-limb varices (14%), cataract operation (14%) | ND | Previous surgery: cholecystectomy (48%), choledochotomy (12%), surgical sphincterotomy (12%), biliodigestive anastomosis (12%), resection of a main bile duct diverticulum (4%) Associated lesions: congenital hepatic fibrosis (8%), intrahepatic pancreatic ectopia (4%), renal cysts (4%) Drainage of a hepatic abscess (4%) | Associated HBP disease: biliary lithiasis (56,8%), secondary biliary cirrhosis (47,7%), unilobar liver atrophy (14,2%), acute pancreatitis (3,2%), CHF (2,6%), NASH (1,3%), polycystic liver (1,3%), chronic pancreatitis (1,3%), autoimmune hepatitis (0,6%), undetermined, cholestasis (0,6%) Previous surgery: cholecystectomy (42,6%), biliodigestive anastomosis (6,5%), choledochotomy (5,2%), Portosystemic shunt (2,6%), IHS extraction (1,9%), hepatectomy (1,3%) |
Presentation (%) | Recurrent lithiasis (42%), recurrent pain (35%), recurrent cholangitis (14%), liver abscess (7%) | Severe cholangitis or jaundice (59%), abdominal pain (18%), asymptomatic (13%), pancreatitis (1%), hematemesis (7) | Biliary lithiasis (57%), cholangitis (42%), systemic sepsis (14%), pancreatic and liver cysts (14%) | Recurrent episodes of cholangitis (58%), pain (63%), fever (26%) | Asymptomatic (4%) Biliary lithiasis (80%), ↑GGT and ALP (4%), cholangitis (4%), pain and recurrent jaundice (4%), acute cholecystitis (4%), acute pancreatitis (4%), hepatic abscess (4%) | Asymptomatic (10,3%) Cholangitis (58,1%), abdominal pain (29%), jaundice (24,5%), acute pancreatitis (11%), loss of weight (6,5%), asthenia (6,5%), gastrointestinal bleeding (4.5%), ascites (3,2%), abdominal mass (1,3%), pruritus (2,6%), biliary peritonitis (0,6%), complicated delay between symptom and diagnosis (60,6%) |
Imaging findings | ND | Bile duct dilations, ‘Dot sign’, biliary lithiasis, hepatomegaly, liver atrophy, liber abscess, biliary hamartoma, large regenerative nodules, signs of portal hypertension, renal cysts | Intrahepatic gallstones, bile duct dilations | ND | ND | “Central dot sign” |
Unilobar (Left/Right) | 14 (11/3) | 21 (19/2) | 7 (5/2) | 12 (7/5) | 25 (20/5) | 107 (91/16) |
Laparoscopic approach (n =) | ND | ND | 6 | ND | ND | ND |
Open approach (n =) | ND | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND |
Conversion to open surgery (n =) | ND | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND |
Interventions and treatments (%) | ERCP (78%), lithotripsy (7%), PTD (14%), left hepatectomy (64%), right hepatectomy (14%), left lateral sectionectomy (14%), segmentectomy (7%) | Conservative management (53%), hepatectomy (24%), liver transplantation (21%), biliodigestive anastomosis (3%) | Left lateral bisegmentectomy (28%), left hemihepatectomy (28%), left lobectomy (14%), posterolateral hepatectomy (14%), complete right hemihepatectomy (14%), bilio-jejunal anastomoses (14%) | ERCP (89%), stenting of the biliary tree (21%), left lateral segmentectomy (38%), left hepatectomy (33%), right hepatectomy (14%), monosegmentectomy (4%), LT (9%), hepaticojejunostomy (4%) | left lobectomy (40%), left hepatectomy (36%), biliojejunal anastomosis (24%), right hepatectomy (12%), segmentectomy (12%), right hepatectomy (12%), ERCP (8%), drainage of abscess (4%) | Unilateral left LR (81.1%), liver transplantation (18.9%), IHS extraction (32%), unilateral right LR (11.8%), biliary drainage (10.2%), bilobar liver resection (7.5%), surveillance (0,6%), other (6.1%) |
Post-operative complications (%) | Bilioma (7%), postoperative bleeding (7%), bile leakage (7%) | Death (9%), severe cholangitis (3%), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (3%), postoperative complications after liver transplant (1%) | Seroma (28%), cholangitis (14%), left-sided pleural effusion (14%) | Biliary leakage (14%), pleural effusion (4%), urinary tract infection (4%) | Intra-abdominal abscess (4%), bilioma (4%), biliary fistula (4%), liver hematoma (4%), intra-abdominal collection (4%) | Biliary fistula (7%), mortality (2%), hepatic artery thrombosis (1,2%), primary nonfunction and acute rejection (1,2%), hemorrhage (0,9%) |
Rate of CCA (%) | 7% | 1,5% | 0% | 19% | 4% | 5.2% |