Table 1 Baseline and demographic characteristics of patients

Gender

Male

52

43

0.01

1.00

Female

42

36

Age, mean ± SD, (y)

44.03 ± 14.19 (95% CI: 41.39–46.67)

47.35 ± 14.07 (95% CI: 44.44–50.26)

-1.54

0.13

BMI, mean ± SD, (kg/m²)

22.99 ± 2.06 (95% CI: 22.58–23.40)

22.51 ± 2.38 (95% CI: 21.99–23.03)

1.45

0.15

Duration of symptoms, mean ± SD, (months)

13.98 ± 10.98 (95% CI: 11.85–16.11)

14.81 ± 11.00 (95% CI: 12.44–17.18)

-0.50

0.62

Alcohol consumption

Yes

33

34

0.43

0.52

No

61

55

Smoking status

Yes

37

33

0.10

0.76

No

57

46

Sides

Left

41

35

0.38

0.84

Right

42

37

Herniated segments

L4-L5

44

38

0.56

0.80

L5-S1

44

38

Other segments

6

3

Herniated type (MSU classification), number (%)

I

10

12

0.88

0.67

II

42

32

III

42

35

Preoperative VAS for Back, mean ± SD

5.24 ± 1.44 (95% CI: 4.95–5.53)

5.34 ± 1.39 (95% CI: 5.04–5.64)

-0.45

0.65

Preoperative VAS for Legs, mean ± SD

6.54 ± 1.22 (95% CI: 6.28–6.80)

6.48 ± 1.23 (95% CI: 6.20–6.76)

-1.83

0.86

Preoperative ODI, mean ± SD

60.93 ± 11.58 (95% CI: 58.49–63.37)

59.75 ± 11.93 (95% CI: 57.07–62.43)

-0.66

0.51